Sources we rely on

We write from the law first, then from reputable commentary. These are the main sources our pages use.

Each page cites the specific source for each fact, with the date we checked it.

The law

An unfair dismissal claim rests on the Industrial Relations Act 1967, especially Section 20, which sets the right to seek reinstatement and a strict deadline to act. The Second Schedule sets the limits on back wages.

Entitlements such as notice and termination benefits come from the Employment Act 1955, as amended in 2022 (the Labour Department’s guide to the 2022 amendments).

Income support after job loss comes from the Employment Insurance System Act 2017, run by PERKESO.

The courts and agencies

The Department of Industrial Relations (JPPM) receives representations and runs conciliation. The Industrial Court decides claims that do not settle, and it sits at several branches across Malaysia.

For retrenchment, the Code of Conduct for Industrial Harmony 1975 sets out fair practice, including the last-in-first-out principle (LIFO).

Reputable commentary

Where a plain explanation helps, we use published guidance from established Malaysian law firms and the Malaysian Bar. We do not treat forums, social media or AI-written pages as sources.

How we use them

Each fact links to its source and shows when we checked it. If a source changes, we update the page.

Read more in our editorial policy and our methodology.